Resumo Parques Nacionais (PN) são estratégias de proteção da natureza e realização da atividade turística que demandam ferramentas para visitação adequada. Com o avanço do turismo nestas áreas, os PN assumem dupla responsabilidade: manter a qualidade da experiência dos visitantes e contribuir com todo seu potencial para sociedade. Nesse sentido, a ferramenta Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) categoriza as denominadas “Oportunidades de Visitação” em diferentes classes (Prístina, Primitiva, Natural, Rural e Urbana) para identificar atributos específicos para cada ambiente e público, organizando o turismo. Neste cenário, o objetivo foi analisar as oportunidades oferecidas em 10 Parques Nacionais, cinco no Brasil e cinco nos Estados Unidos da América e entender como as diferentes Classes de Oportunidades podem influenciar a visitação turística. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Identificado os potenciais turísticos de cada PN, aplicou-se a metodologia ROS. Os resultados mostraram que existe relação entre o número de oportunidades oferecidas e o número de visitantes que o Parque Nacional recebe, confirmando o pressuposto que, tanto nos Parques brasileiros quanto estadunidenses, diferentes oportunidades recreativas relaciona-se ao maior número visitantes. Dessa forma, a ferramenta Recreation Opportunity Spectrum apresenta-se como importante ferramenta de gestão da visitação turística. A possibilidade de criar classes de visitação em áreas naturais deve ser amplamente utilizada para garantir o turismo sustentável.

Abstract National Parks (NPs) are instruments for nature protection and tourism that demand tools for proper visitation. With the advance of tourism in these areas, NPs assume a double responsibility: to maintain visitor experience quality and to contribute with all their potential to society. In this sense, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) tool categorizes “Visitation Opportunities” classes (Pristine, Primitive, Natural, Rural, and Urban) to identify specific attributes of each environment and each visiting public and, thus, organize tourist use. In this scenario, we aimed to analyze the opportunities offered in 10 National Parks, five in Brazil and five in the United States (US), to understand how different Opportunity Classes can influence tourist visitation. The data were drawn from bibliographic and documentary research. After identifying the tourist potential of each NP, we applied the ROS methodology. The results showed a relationship between the number of opportunities offered and the number of visitors received by the National Parks, confirming the assumption that, both in Brazilian and American parks, different recreational opportunities are related to the largest number of visitors. Thus, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) tool presents itself as an important management tool for tourism visitation. The possibility of creating visitation classes in natural areas must be widely used to guarantee sustainable tourism.

Abstract Soil provides important support for anthropogenic activities, and earthen trails, which have always been present in the natural landscape, are routes of access to various tourist attractions. In recent decades, trails have been widely used as a method of access and visitation to geotouristic attractions. Because trails are restricted routes, transit along these paths also transforms the route into a pathway for the spread of various negative environmental impacts, including compaction and soil erosion of the trailbed. Soil compaction is caused by changes in the soil structure that are partly induced by the use of agricultural or geotechnical machinery and traffic, and the damage is also manifested in a remarkable decrease in porosity, which has clear implications for the infiltration and percolation of water and air associated with the functional porosity of soil. Soil micromorphological characteristics contribute to the analysis of soil porous systems, and the macroporous characteristics visible at this scale include the size, shape and connectivity among voids, which can be studied using different methods of identification, measurement and interpretation. Such methods are applied to understand the pore genesis and, more importantly, the physical behavior of soil-water order management. This work presents the results of analyses of the macromorphological and micromorphological characteristics, porosity, texture and penetrometry resistance of soil profiles on the Farofa Waterfall trail in the Serra do Cipó National Park, and the aim is to provide recommendations for compaction studies along special trails. The results showed that most of the trailbed is more compressed than at the margins, which suggests the need for geoindicator studies of soil quality to monitor the visitation of the trail and improve the conservation of natural resources.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar a caracterização mineralógica dos óxidos de ferro de horizontes B de três perfis de solos desenvolvidos sobre gnaisse do geodomínio do Complexo Bação, no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, em Minas Gerais. As amostras foram coletadas ao longo dos segmentos de alta, média e baixa vertente. As frações de terra fina (diâmetro médio, fi = 2 mm) foram separadas, em todas as amostras. A composição química dos elementos maiores foi determinada por meio da técnica de fluorescência de raios X; a análise mineralógica foi realizada com difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia Mössbauer. Todas as amostras têm composição mineralógica similar, cuja ocorrência geral corresponde à seqüência quartzo >> gibbsita > caulinita > goethita. Os resultados Mössbauer a 4,2 K confirmam a coexistência de goethita (majoritária) e hematita. Os conteúdos de alumínio isomórfico foram deduzidos dos valores de campos hiperfinos e correspondem às seguintes fórmulas químicas das goethitas: alfaFe0,79Al0,21OOH (alta vertente), alfaFe0,75Al0,25OOH (meia vertente) e alfaFe0,78Al0,22OOH (baixa vertente). A dinâmica de transformação dos óxidos de ferro nos horizontes B ao longo da vertente é um indicador das oscilações paleoclimáticas na área: goethita mais aluminosa é um indicador do paleoambiente úmido, e goethita menos aluminosa revela condições pedogênicas mais secas.

The objective of this work was to characterize iron oxides from B-horizons of three soil profiles developing on gneiss of the Bação Complex geodomain in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples were collected from the uppest, middle and lowest segments along the slope. The earth fine fractions (mean diameter, phi = 2 mm) were separated for all samples. The chemical composition of the major elements was determined with the X-ray fluorescence technique; the mineralogical analysis was performed with powder X-ray diffractomer and Mössbauer spectroscopy. All samples have similar mineralogical composition, with a general occurrence corresponding to the sequence quartz >> gibbsite > kaolinite > goethite. From the 4.2 K-Mössbauer results, the coexistence of goethite (major) and hematite is confirmed. The isomorphic aluminum contents, as they were deduced from the hyperfine fields, lead to the following chemical formulas for goethites: alphaFe0.79Al0.21OOH (upslope), alphaFe0.75Al0.25OOH (midslope) and alphaFe0.78Al0.22OOH (downslope). The iron oxides transformation dynamics in B horizons along the slope is a useful indicator of the paleo-climatic oscillations in this area: aluminous goethite is an indicator of humid paleo-environments, whereas aluminous-poorer goethite reveals drier pedogenic conditions.